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NIGHT AND FOG

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Even a peaceful landscape...

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even a meadow in harvest, with crows
circling overhead and grass fires...

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00:02:00,823 --> 00:02:03,922
even a road where cars
and peasants and couples pass...

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even a resort village
with a steeple and country fair

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can lead to a concentration camp.

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Struthof, Oranienburg, Auschwitz,

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Neuengamme, Belsen,
Ravensbruck, Dachau-

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00:02:18,936 --> 00:02:21,270
these were names like any others
on maps and in guide books.

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The blood has dried,
the tongues have fallen silent.

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The only visitor to the blocks now
is the camera.

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A strange grass covers
the paths once trod by inmates.

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No current runs through the wires.

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No footstep is heard but our own.

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00:02:44,183 --> 00:02:45,492
1933.

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The machine goes into action.

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A nation must have no discord.

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No complaints or quarrels.

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The nation gets down to work.

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A concentration camp is built
the way a stadium or a hotel is built:

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With businessmen, estimates,
competitive bids,

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and no doubt a bribe or two.

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No specific style-
that's left to the imagination.

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Alpine style.

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Garage style.

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Japanese style.

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No style.

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Architects calmly design the gates
meant to be passed through only once.

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Meanwhile, Burger, a German worker,

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Stern, a Jewish student in Amsterdam,

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Schmulski, a merchant in Krakow,

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and Annette, a schoolgirl in Bordeaux,
go about their daily lives,

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not knowing a place is being prepared
for them hundreds of miles away.

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One day their quarters are ready.

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All that's missing is them.

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Seized in Warsaw,

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deported from Lodz, Prague,

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Brussels, Athens,

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Zagreb, Odessa or Rome,

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interned at Pithiviers,

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captured in Vel-d'Hiv,

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members of the resistance
rounded up in Compiegne,

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the masses, taken by surprise,
by error or by chance

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begin theirjourney to the camps.

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Trains sealed and bolted.

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A hundred people crammed into a car.

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No day, no night.
Hunger, thirst, suffocation, madness.

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A message flutters to the ground.
Will it be found?

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Death makes its first cut.

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Its second is made on arrival
in the night and fog.

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Today, on the same tracks,
the sun shines.

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We go slowly along them,
looking for what?

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Traces of the corpses that fell
to the ground when the car doors opened?

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Or perhaps of those driven
to the camps at gunpoint

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amid the barking dogs
and glaring searchlights,

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with the flames of the crematorium
in the distance,

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in one of those night scenes
so dear to a Nazi's heart.

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First sight of the camp.
It is another planet.

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BATHROOM/DISI NFECTION

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Under the pretext ofhygiene,

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nudity strips the inmates
of all pride in one stroke.

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Shaved.

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Tattooed.

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Numbered.

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Caught up in some
incomprehensible hierarchy,

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dressed in a blue-striped uniform,

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sometimes classified under
the decree known as "Nacht und Nebel,"

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"night and fog."

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Political prisoners wearing the red triangle
meet those wearing the green triangle:

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Common criminals,
masters in the ranks.

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At the top, the Kapo,

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almost always a common criminal.

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Higher up yet: The SS, the untouchables,
to be addressed from ten feet away.

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At the top, the Commandant,
who oversees the camp routine.

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He pretends to know nothing
of the camp.

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Who does know anything?

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The reality of these camps,
despised by those who built them,

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and unfathomable to those
who endured them-

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what hope do we have
of truly capturing this reality?

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The wooden barracks
where people slept three to a bed,

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the burrows where they hid

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and ate in furtive fear

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and where sleep itself
presented a threat-

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no description, no image
can reveal their true dimension:

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Endless, uninterrupted fear.

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We would need the straw mattress,
at once pantry and strongbox,

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the fiercely contested blanket,
the denunciations and curses,

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the orders repeated in every tongue,

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the sudden appearance of the SS,

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zealous in their spot checks
and practical jokes.

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Of this brick dormitory
and these tormented dreams

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we can but show you
the outer shell, the surface.

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00:10:07,319 --> 00:10:08,813
Here is the setting:

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Buildings that could pass
for stables, garages or workshops.

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Poor land,
now turned into a wasteland.

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00:10:15,831 --> 00:10:17,805
An indifferent autumn sky.

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These are all we have left to imagine
a night of piercing cries,

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of checking for lice,
of chattering teeth.

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Try to get to sleep quickly.

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Wake at the crack of dawn,

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stumble over each other in search
of goods stolen in the night.

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5:00 a.m. - Endless assembly
on the inspection ground.

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The night's dead
throw the figures off.

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An orchestra plays a march
from some operetta

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as inmates head off
to the quarry or the factory.

106
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Work in the snow
that quickly turns to frozen mud.

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Work in the August heat,
worn out by thirst and dysentery.

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Three thousand Spaniards died
building these steps

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leading to the Mauthausen quarry.

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Work in the underground factories.

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Month after month
they burrow, bury, hide, kill.

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They have women's names:
Dora, Laura.

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But these strange
70-pound workers are unreliable.

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The SS watches them
and oversees them.

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They gather, inspect and frisk them
before they return to camp.

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Rustic signs direct everyone home.

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The Kapo has only
to tally up the day's victims.

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The inmates once again
take up their driving obsession:

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Food.

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Soup.

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Each spoonful is priceless.

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One spoonful less
is one less day to live.

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Two or three cigarettes
are bartered for a bowl of soup.

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Many are too weak to defend
their ration against thieves.

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They wait for the mud or snow
to take their life.

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To lie down somewhere,
anywhere, and die alone.

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The latrines and their surroundings.

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Skeletons with bloated stomachs came
here seven or eight times a night.

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The soup was a diuretic.

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Woe to him who ran into
a drunken Kapo in the moonlight.

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The inmates eye
one another fearfully,

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on the lookout
for the familiar symptoms:

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To "pass blood"was a sign of death.

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The black market:
Clandestine buying, selling and killing.

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They would call on their friends,
swap news and gossip,

136
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organize resistance groups.

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A society gradually takes form,
sculpted by terror and fear,

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but less deranged than that
of the SS and its slogans:

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"Cleanliness is health."

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"Work is freedom."

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"To each his due."

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"A louse means death."
What to say, then, of an SS officer?

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Each camp has its surprises:

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A symphony orchestra.

145
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A zoo.

146
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Hothouses where Himmler
cultivated rare plants.

147
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Goethe's oak at Buchenwald.

148
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They built the camp around it
but left the oak intact.

149
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An orphanage, transient
but constantly replenished.

150
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Barracks for the invalids.

151
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At times like these, the real world,
the world from before,

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with its peaceful landscapes,
could seem not so far off.

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But it was just an illusion
for the inmate.

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His world was this closed,
self-contained universe,

155
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hemmed in by observation posts

156
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from which soldiers kept watch,

157
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aiming at the prisoners,

158
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on occasion killing them
out ofboredom.

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00:14:20,982 --> 00:14:24,081
Everything is but a pretext
for taunts, punishment

160
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and humiliation.

161
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Roll call goes on for hours.

162
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Apoorly made bed
means 20 baton blows.

163
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Call no attention to yourself.
Make no sign to the gods.

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They have their gallows,
their sacrificial ground.

165
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This yard in Block 11,
shielded from view,

166
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has been specially arranged
for executions,

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its walls protected
against ricocheting bullets.

168
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Hartheim, from whence
trains with smoked windows depart,

169
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bearing passengers
who will never be seen again.

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The "black transports"that leave at night
and which no one ever hears of again.

171
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But man is resilient.

172
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Though the body's worn out with fatigue,
the mind works on.

173
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Hands wrapped in bandages labor on.

174
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They make spoons,
puppets to be hidden away.

175
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Monsters.

176
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Boxes.

177
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They manage to write, make notes.

178
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Keep their mind sharp
and their dreams alive.

179
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"Crawfish a la basquaise"

180
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They turn their thoughts to God.

181
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They even organize politically,

182
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challenging the common criminals
for control of the camp routine.

183
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They look after friends
who are worse off.

184
00:15:51,991 --> 00:15:54,925
They share their food with them
and help each other.

185
00:16:00,054 --> 00:16:01,614
As a last resort,
and with anguished hearts,

186
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they take the dying
to the camp hospital.

187
00:16:06,166 --> 00:16:08,500
The building gave the illusion
of a real hospital

188
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and hope of finding a real bed,

189
00:16:11,286 --> 00:16:13,905
but delivered the real risk
of death by syringe.

190
00:16:17,783 --> 00:16:21,045
The medicines are make-believe.
The dressings are mere paper.

191
00:16:21,174 --> 00:16:24,338
The same ointment is used
on every sore and for every disease.

192
00:16:26,550 --> 00:16:29,584
Sometimes the starving
eat their dressings.

193
00:16:33,206 --> 00:16:34,995
In the end, each inmate
resembles the next:

194
00:16:35,222 --> 00:16:38,070
A body of indeterminate age
that dies with its eyes wide open.

195
00:16:41,942 --> 00:16:43,852
There is a surgical block.

196
00:16:44,247 --> 00:16:46,581
For a moment you might think
you were in a real clinic.

197
00:16:52,183 --> 00:16:53,743
An SS doctor.

198
00:16:56,054 --> 00:16:57,964
A terrifying nurse.

199
00:17:01,814 --> 00:17:04,051
But what's behind the facade?

200
00:17:04,438 --> 00:17:06,543
Pointless operations, amputations,

201
00:17:06,646 --> 00:17:09,013
experimental mutilations.

202
00:17:12,630 --> 00:17:15,380
The Kapos, just like the SS surgeons,
try their hand as well.

203
00:17:24,823 --> 00:17:28,368
The big chemical companies send
samples of toxic products to the camps,

204
00:17:29,494 --> 00:17:31,829
or they buy a batch of inmates
to try them out on.

205
00:17:32,855 --> 00:17:34,895
A few of these guinea pigs survive,

206
00:17:35,926 --> 00:17:37,301
castrated.

207
00:17:40,822 --> 00:17:42,481
Burned with phosphorus.

208
00:17:46,582 --> 00:17:49,233
For some, their flesh
will be marked for life,

209
00:17:50,231 --> 00:17:52,019
despite having made it home
from the camps.

210
00:17:54,679 --> 00:17:58,508
The administration photographs
the inmates as soon as they arrive.

211
00:18:07,094 --> 00:18:10,640
Names are noted too,
names from 22 nations.

212
00:18:10,903 --> 00:18:13,488
They fill hundreds ofledgers,
thousands of files.

213
00:18:13,591 --> 00:18:15,478
A red line strikes out
the names of the dead.

214
00:18:16,823 --> 00:18:20,118
The prisoners keep these mad,
always inaccurate books

215
00:18:20,374 --> 00:18:22,479
under the watchful eye of the SS
and the privileged Kapos.

216
00:18:22,679 --> 00:18:25,199
These are the bosses of the camp,
the elite.

217
00:18:32,822 --> 00:18:35,506
The Kapo has his own room,
where he can hoard supplies

218
00:18:35,767 --> 00:18:37,676
and receive his young favorites
in the evening.

219
00:18:47,191 --> 00:18:49,046
The Commandant has his villa nearby,

220
00:18:49,142 --> 00:18:52,939
where his wife does her part
to keep up a respectable family life,

221
00:18:53,047 --> 00:18:55,534
just like in any other garrison town.

222
00:18:56,983 --> 00:18:58,990
Though perhaps
she's just a bit more bored:

223
00:18:59,255 --> 00:19:01,229
The war doesn't seem to want to end.

224
00:19:03,382 --> 00:19:05,586
Luckier still,
the Kapos have a brothel.

225
00:19:06,327 --> 00:19:09,523
Better-fed women,
but, like the others, doomed to die.

226
00:19:09,782 --> 00:19:13,165
Sometimes a crust ofbread falls
from these windows for a comrade outside.

227
00:19:14,519 --> 00:19:17,748
Thus the SS managed to build
the semblance of a real city,

228
00:19:18,007 --> 00:19:20,657
with its hospital, red-light district,
residential district,

229
00:19:20,822 --> 00:19:22,797
and, yes, even a prison.

230
00:19:31,799 --> 00:19:34,188
Useless to describe
what went on in these cells.

231
00:19:35,926 --> 00:19:38,676
In cages so designed that inmates could
neither stand nor lie down,

232
00:19:38,934 --> 00:19:42,316
men and women were methodically
tortured for days on end.

233
00:19:49,014 --> 00:19:51,665
The air vents were not soundproof.

234
00:19:56,247 --> 00:19:57,556
1942.

235
00:20:04,183 --> 00:20:06,190
Himmler pays a visit.

236
00:20:07,094 --> 00:20:09,069
"We must destroy, but productively."

237
00:20:10,103 --> 00:20:11,990
Leaving the production aspects
to his technicians,

238
00:20:12,086 --> 00:20:13,712
Himmler concentrates on destruction.

239
00:20:22,902 --> 00:20:24,276
They study plans.

240
00:20:26,902 --> 00:20:28,113
Models.

241
00:20:29,110 --> 00:20:32,459
They carry them out, the prisoners
themselves helping with the work.

242
00:20:35,671 --> 00:20:39,380
A crematorium from the outside
can look like a picture postcard.

243
00:20:40,215 --> 00:20:43,444
Today tourists have their snapshots
taken in front of them.

244
00:20:44,503 --> 00:20:46,804
Deportation spreads all over Europe.

245
00:20:52,246 --> 00:20:54,701
The convoys lose their way,
stop, then start again,

246
00:20:54,967 --> 00:20:57,422
are bombed, and finally arrive.

247
00:21:01,335 --> 00:21:03,636
For some, the cut
has already been made.

248
00:21:07,510 --> 00:21:09,168
For the rest,
it will be done soon enough.

249
00:21:09,494 --> 00:21:12,625
Those on the left will work,
while those on the right...

250
00:21:13,782 --> 00:21:16,465
These pictures were taken
moments before a mass killing.

251
00:21:35,862 --> 00:21:37,837
Killing by hand takes time.

252
00:21:37,974 --> 00:21:39,796
Cylinders of zyklon gas are ordered.

253
00:21:41,366 --> 00:21:44,148
Nothing distinguished the gas chamber
from an ordinary block.

254
00:21:46,230 --> 00:21:49,613
Inside, what looked like a shower room
welcomed the new arrivals.

255
00:22:05,078 --> 00:22:06,736
The doors were closed.

256
00:22:09,847 --> 00:22:11,472
A watch was kept.

257
00:22:21,046 --> 00:22:23,861
The only sign-
but you have to know-

258
00:22:24,342 --> 00:22:26,677
are the fingernail scrapings
on the ceiling.

259
00:22:27,735 --> 00:22:29,774
Even the concrete was scratched up.

260
00:22:52,662 --> 00:22:55,477
When the crematoria prove insufficient,
pyres are set up.

261
00:23:17,655 --> 00:23:20,688
But the ovens can handle
thousands ofbodies a day.

262
00:24:12,982 --> 00:24:14,509
Everything was saved.

263
00:24:15,478 --> 00:24:17,420
Here are the reserves
of the Nazis at war.

264
00:24:18,358 --> 00:24:20,300
Here are their warehouses.

265
00:24:29,494 --> 00:24:31,283
Nothing but women's hair.

266
00:25:00,854 --> 00:25:03,953
At 15 pfennigs a kilo,
it's used for making cloth.

267
00:25:13,782 --> 00:25:15,407
From the bones...

268
00:25:25,366 --> 00:25:27,603
fertilizer-at least, they tried.

269
00:25:28,662 --> 00:25:31,597
From the bodies-
Words are insufficient.

270
00:25:42,998 --> 00:25:46,162
From the bodies they make soap.

271
00:25:49,014 --> 00:25:50,541
As for the skin...

272
00:26:00,246 --> 00:26:01,653
1945.

273
00:26:01,846 --> 00:26:03,853
The camps are spreading,
and they're full.

274
00:26:04,150 --> 00:26:06,932
Cities of 100,000 inhabitants,
full to bursting.

275
00:26:07,574 --> 00:26:10,476
Heavy industry takes an interest
in this endlessly renewable labor force.

276
00:26:10,838 --> 00:26:13,326
Factories have camps of their own,
offlimits to the SS.

277
00:26:13,590 --> 00:26:15,663
Steyer, Krupp, Heinckel,

278
00:26:16,054 --> 00:26:20,211
I. G. Farben, Siemens, Hermann Goering
recruit their labor here.

279
00:26:21,366 --> 00:26:22,828
The Nazis may win the war.

280
00:26:22,934 --> 00:26:24,789
These new towns
are part of their economy.

281
00:26:24,982 --> 00:26:26,640
But they are losing the war.

282
00:26:27,094 --> 00:26:30,410
There's no coal for the crematoria,
no bread for the inmates.

283
00:26:30,678 --> 00:26:32,652
The streets of the camps
are strewn with corpses.

284
00:26:32,886 --> 00:26:34,293
Typhus.

285
00:26:35,222 --> 00:26:37,261
When the Allies open the doors...

286
00:27:08,694 --> 00:27:10,320
All the doors...

287
00:27:47,254 --> 00:27:49,141
The inmates look on
without understanding.

288
00:27:50,230 --> 00:27:53,077
Are they being freed?
Will everyday life know them again?

289
00:27:58,902 --> 00:28:01,073
"I am not responsible,"
says the Kapo.

290
00:28:05,142 --> 00:28:07,379
"I am not responsible,"
says the officer.

291
00:28:09,622 --> 00:28:11,826
"I am not responsible."

292
00:28:14,934 --> 00:28:16,821
Then who is responsible?

293
00:28:39,446 --> 00:28:42,413
As I speak to you now,
the icy water of the ponds and ruins

294
00:28:42,678 --> 00:28:44,467
fills the hollows
of the mass graves,

295
00:28:45,270 --> 00:28:48,172
a frigid and muddy water,
as murky as our memory.

296
00:28:50,678 --> 00:28:52,500
War nods off to sleep,

297
00:28:53,109 --> 00:28:55,531
but keeps one eye always open.

298
00:29:02,453 --> 00:29:05,934
Grass flourishes again on the inspection
ground around the blocks.

299
00:29:07,574 --> 00:29:10,257
An abandoned village,
still heavy with peril.

300
00:29:21,494 --> 00:29:23,404
The crematoria are no longer used.

301
00:29:23,670 --> 00:29:25,710
The Nazis'cunning
is but child's play today.

302
00:29:26,646 --> 00:29:29,548
Nine million dead
haunt this countryside.

303
00:29:36,374 --> 00:29:38,446
Who among us keeps watch
from this strange watchtower

304
00:29:38,614 --> 00:29:40,981
to warn of the arrival
of our new executioners?

305
00:29:42,198 --> 00:29:44,532
Are their faces really different
from our own?

306
00:29:45,462 --> 00:29:48,211
Somewhere in our midst,
lucky Kapos still survive,

307
00:29:48,470 --> 00:29:51,405
reinstated officers
and anonymous informers.

308
00:29:52,150 --> 00:29:55,346
There are those who refused to believe,
or believed only for brief moments.

309
00:29:56,406 --> 00:29:58,894
With our sincere gaze
we survey these ruins,

310
00:29:59,349 --> 00:30:02,732
as if the the old monster
lay crushed forever beneath the rubble.

311
00:30:03,318 --> 00:30:06,547
We pretend to take up hope again
as the image recedes into the past,

312
00:30:06,710 --> 00:30:09,612
as if we were cured once and for all
of the scourge of the camps.

313
00:30:10,038 --> 00:30:14,064
We pretend it all happened only once,
at a given time and place.

314
00:30:14,678 --> 00:30:16,914
We turn a blind eye
to what surrounds us

315
00:30:17,685 --> 00:30:20,587
and a deaf ear
to humanity's never-ending cry.